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HU Credits:
2
Degree/Cycle:
2nd degree (Master)
Responsible Department:
Atmospheric Sciences
Semester:
2nd Semester
Teaching Languages:
Hebrew
Campus:
E. Safra
Course/Module Coordinator:
Prof. Daniel Rosenfeld
Coordinator Office Hours:
By appointment
Teaching Staff:
Prof Daniel Rosenfeld
Goren Tom
Course/Module description:
Understanding the operating principles of weather radar and the ways by which they are applied to rainfall measurements and monitoring rain cloud systems
Course/Module aims:
Learning the principles of weather radar and its applications to meteorological applications.
Learning outcomes - On successful completion of this module, students should be able to:
Knowledge of using meteorological radar for meteorological observations and weather prediction.
Attendance requirements(%):
100%
Teaching arrangement and method of instruction:
Lecture and exercise
Course/Module Content:
1. The principles of electromagnetic radiation: Electric and magnetic fields; the principle of dipole antenna; the propagation of EM radiation; polarization of the radiation.
2. Radar radiation: Location within the EM spectrum; the principles of selecting a suitable wavelength for a meteorological radar; the operating principles of a pulse radar.
3. Propagation of EM radiation in the atmosphere: index of refraction in dry air; impact of water vapor on the index of refraction; change of index of refraction with height and impact on curvature of the radiation. Anomaplous propagation and waveguides in the atmosphere; clear air radar applications.
4. The radar equation: calculating the antenna gain; the radar equation for a single reflector; the radar constant; the radar equation for an ensemble of reflectors; definition of radar reflectivity; the interaction between reflected radiation from many particles; Kessler correction; limitations imposed by the finite speed of light.
5. Quantitative rainfall measurement with radar: the relation between rainrate and reflectivity. The lack of unique relationship; raindrop terminal fall speed; power law between reflectivity and rain rate; vertical reflectivity profiles and range effects.
6. Assumptions in rain rate measurements and the results of their invalidity:
7. Doppler radar: the Doppler principle; measuring Doppler shift with pulse radar; measurement limitations.
8. Applications of Doppler radar: the velocity spectrum width; removal of ground clutter; detection of wind shear; building vertical wind profile.
9. Polarimetric radar: the parameters that are derived from differences between the horizontal and vertical polarizations and their applications: differential polarization; linear depolarization; cross correlation; applications for identifying hydrometeor types.
The parameters derived from phase differences between the polarizations and their applications: phase shift and its integral; application to rainfall measurement.
10. Radar detection of severe weather phenomena: aviation hazards; downburst; hail; tornado; squall lines.
11. Radar identification of rain systems: the lifecycle of a convective cell; stratiform rain; rain cloud systems that are associated with cyclones.
13. Weather radar in space: operating principles; advantages and disadvantages; radar satellites: TRMM, GPM, CLOUDSAT, EARTHCARE.
Required Reading:
None
Additional Reading Material:
1.R. Doviak and D. Zrnic: Doppler Radar and Weather Observations
2. R. Reinhart: Radar For Meteorologists
3. D. Atlas: Radar in Meteorology
Course/Module evaluation:
End of year written/oral examination 80 %
Presentation 0 %
Participation in Tutorials 0 %
Project work 0 %
Assignments 20 %
Reports 0 %
Research project 0 %
Quizzes 0 %
Other 0 %
Additional information:
None
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