Syllabus - European Regional Integration: Comparisons with the Americas and the Middle East (54629)

Additional Reading Material:
1) Introduction to European Regional Integration in Comparative Perspective: Mapping regional, sub-regional, and interregional integration.

Recommended reading:

Mattli, Walter. The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond. Cambridge University Press, 1999.‏ Chapter 1 (Introduction), 1-18.

Kegley, Charles W. World Politics, Chapter 6, “The European Union”, pp. 186-190.

Supplementary reading:

Mattli, Walter. "Comparative regional integration: Theoretical developments." In The Oxford Handbook of the European Union. 2012.‏

Acharya, Amitav, and Alastair Iain Johnston. "Comparing regional institutions: an introduction." In Crafting cooperation: Regional international institutions in comparative perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.1-31.‏

Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks. 2001. Multi-Level Governance and European Integration. Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield. Introduction

Kupchan, Charles A. "After Pax Americana: Benign power, regional integration and the sources of a stable multipolarity." The New World Order (2000): 134-166.‏

Söderbaum, Fredrik. "Comparative regional integration and regionalism." The Sage handbook of comparative politics (2009): 477-496.‏

Nye, Joseph S. "Comparative regional integration: Concept and measurement." International organization 22.4 (1968): 855-880.‏

Mansfield, Edward D., and Helen V. Milner. 1999. The new wave of regionalism. International Organization, 53(3):589-627.‏

2) Conceptualization: Regionalization, regionalism, regional integration and cooperation, regional organizations, multilateralism, regional governance.

Recommended reading:

Börzel, T.A. Theorizing Regionalism: Cooperation, Integration, and Governance (Chapter 3), in Börzel T.A. and Risse T. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.41-63.

Soderbaum, F. Old, New, and Comparative Regionalism: The History and Scholarly Development of the Field, in Börzel T.A. and Risse T. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp.16-40.

Supplementary reading:

Puchala, Donald J. "The pattern of contemporary regional integration." International Studies Quarterly 12.1 (1968): 38-64.‏

Hettne, B. and Soderbaum F. “Theorizing the Rise of Regionness”. New Political Economy, Vol.5, No.3 (2000), pp.457-73.

Adler E. (1997). Imagined (security) communities: cognitive regions in international relations. Millennium 26(2):249-277.‏

Coleman, William D., William Donald Coleman, and Geoffrey RD Underhill. Regionalism and global economic integration. London: Routledge, 1998.‏

Keohane, Robert O. “Multilateralism: An Agenda Form of Cooperation Research,” International Journal 45: 731-764, 1990.

Ruggie, John Gerard, “Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution,” in John Gerard Ruggie (ed.), Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 3-47, 1993.

Kacowicz, Arie M., “Regionalization, Globalization, and Nationalism: Convergent, Divergent, or Overlapping?”, Alternatives, Vol. 24, No. 4, November 1999, pp. 527-556.

Haftel, Yoram Z. 2013. Commerce and Institutions: Trade, Scope, and the Design of Regional Economic Organizations. The Review of International Organizations 8(3):389-414.

K. Jayasuriya (2003), “Embedded Mercantilism and Open Regionalism: The Crisis of a Regional Political Project,” Third World Quarterly 24 (2): 339-355.

Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang, and William J. Foltz, eds. Nation building in comparative contexts. Aldine Transaction, 2010.‏

3) Integration Theories in International Relations: The role of regional powers, interests, elites, identity, trade, geopolitics, supra-nationalism.

Recommended reading:

Puchala, Donald J. "The Integration Theorists and the Study of International Relations," in Williams et al., Classic Readings, pp. 315-330.

Kegley, World Politics. Chapter 14: “Political Integration: The Functional and Neofunctional Path to Peace”, pp.564-571.

Supplementary reading:

Mattli, Walter. The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond. CUP, 1999.‏ Chapter 2 (A review of theoretical approaches to integration), pp.19-40, and Chapter 3 (Explaining regional integration), pp.41-64).

Deutsch, Karl W. "The growth of nations: Some recurrent patterns of political and social integration." World politics 5.2 (1953): 168-195.‏

Balassa, Bela. "Toward a theory of economic integration." Toward a theory of economic integration. (1966).‏

Schmitter, Philippe C. "A revised theory of regional integration." International organization 24.4 (1970): 836-868.‏

Haas, Ernst B. "Turbulent fields and the theory of regional integration." International organization 30.2 (1976): 173-212.‏

Nye, Joseph S. "Patterns and catalysts in regional integration." International Organization 19.4 (1965): 870-884.‏

Abbott, Kenneth W., and Duncan Snidal. 1998. Why states act through formal international organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(1):3-32.‏

Hawkins, D. G., Lake, D. A., Nielson, D. L., & Tierney, M. J. (Eds.). (2006). Delegation and agency in international organizations. Cambridge University Press.‏

Barnett, Michael N., and Martha Finnemore. 1999. The politics, power, and pathologies of international organizations. International organization 53(4):699-732.

Mansfield, Edward D., Helen V. Milner, and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Democracy, veto players and the depth of regional integration." World Economy 31.1 (2008): 67-96.‏

Haftel, Yoram Z. "Designing for peace: regional integration arrangements, institutional variation, and militarized interstate disputes." International Organization 61.1(2007):217-37.‏

Haftel, Yoram Z., and Stephanie C. Hofmann. 2019. Rivalry and overlap: Why regional economic organizations encroach on security organizations. Journal of Conflict Resolution 63(9):2180-2206.‏

Schimmelfennig, Frank. "Regional integration theory." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 2018.‏

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4) Regional Integration in Europe: The history of the European Union (EU) from different perspectives.

Recommended reading:

Mattli, Walter. The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond. CUP, 1999.‏ Chapter 4 (Integration in Europe), pp.68-128.

Kegley, Charles W. World Politics, Chapter 6, “The European Union”, pp. 186-190.

Supplementary reading:

Haas, Ernst. B. 1968. The Uniting of Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Sapir, André. "Regional integration in Europe." The Economic Journal 102.415 (1992): 1491-1506.‏

Cameron, Fraser. "The European Union as a model for regional integration." Council on Foreign Relations (2010): 1-8.‏

Schimmelfennig, Frank. The EU, NATO and the integration of Europe: Rules and rhetoric. Cambridge University Press, 2003.‏

Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. "Identity politics, core state powers and regional integration: Europe and beyond." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 58.1 (2020): 21-40.‏

Roy, Joaquín, et al. The European Union and regional integration. A comparative perspective and lessons for the Americas. 2005.‏

Checkel, Jeffrey T., ed. International institutions and socialization in Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2007.‏

5) The European Union (EU) and its contemporary (de)legitimation challenges.

Recommended reading:

Zürn, Michael. 2018. A theory of global governance: Authority, legitimacy, and contestation. Oxford University Press.‏ [Introduction, pp.1-18 + Part II, 6.3, pp.137-151]

Scharpf, Fritz W. "Legitimacy in the multilevel European polity." European Political Science Review 1.2 (2009): 173-204.‏

Supplementary reading:

Moravcsik, Andrew. "Reassessing legitimacy in the European Union." JCMS: journal of common market studies 40.4 (2002): 603-624.‏

Schmidt, Vivien A. "Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: Input, output and ‘throughput’." Political Studies 61.1 (2013): 2-22.‏

Hurrelmann, Achim, and Steffen Schneider, eds. The legitimacy of regional integration in Europe and the Americas. Springer, 2015.‏

Rittberger, Berthold, and Philipp Schroeder. "The legitimacy of regional institutions." The Oxford handbook of comparative regionalism (2016): 579-599.‏

Caporaso, James A. The European Union: dilemmas of regional integration. Routledge, 2018.‏

Steffek, Jens. "The legitimation of international governance: A discourse approach." European Journal of International Relations 9.2 (2003): 249-275.‏

Dellmuth, Lisa M., and Jonas Tallberg. "Elite communication and the popular legitimacy of international organizations." British Journal of Political Science 51.3 (2021): 1292-1313.‏

Hooghe, Liesbet, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. "Contested world order: The delegitimation of international governance." The Review of International Organizations 14.4 (2019): 731-743.‏

Beetham, David, and Christopher Lord. Legitimacy and the European union. Routledge, 2014.‏

6) EU foreign and security policy: “Normative Power Europe”?

Recommended reading:

Manners, Ian. "Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?" JCMS: Journal of common market studies 40.2 (2002): 235-258.‏

Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. "The transformative power of Europe: The European Union and the diffusion of ideas." (2009): 28.‏

Supplementary reading:

Dannreuther, Roland, ed. European Union foreign and security policy. Routledge, 2012.‏

Adler-Nissen, R. 2014. Opting out of the European Union: diplomacy, sovereignty and European integration. Cambridge University Press.‏

Pempel, T.J. (2012) Regional institutions and the economic-security nexus. In Pempel, T.J. The Economy-security Nexus in Northeast Asia. New York: Routledge, 149-163.

Bicchi F. (2014),”Lost in Transition:” EU Foreign Policy and the European Neighbourhood Policy , L'Europe en Formation , 55/371, pp.26-40.

Brummer, Klaus. "Imposing sanctions: The not so ‘normative power Europe’." European Foreign Affairs Review 14.2 (2009).‏

Diez, Thomas. "Normative power as hegemony." Cooperation and Conflict 48.2 (2013): 194-210.‏

Hyde-Price, Adrian. "‘Normative’power Europe: a realist critique." Journal of European public policy 13.2 (2006): 217-234.‏

Whitman, Richard, ed. Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Springer, 2011.‏

Harpaz, Guy. "Normative power Europe and the problem of a legitimacy deficit: an Israeli perspective." European Foreign Affairs Review 12.1 (2007).‏

Pardo, Sharon. Normative power Europe meets Israel: perceptions and realities. Lexington Books, 2015.‏

Mueller, Patrick. "Normative power Europe and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the EU’s peacebuilding narrative meets local narratives." European security 28.3 (2019): 251-267.‏

Tovias, Alfred. "EU Foreign Policy on the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Reevaluation." Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 15.2 (2021): 201-216.‏

7) Comparison 1: History of Regional Integration in the Americas – Independence, Interregional Wave, Developmental Wave, Neo-Liberal Wave, Neo-Progressive Wave.

Recommended reading:

Mattli, Walter. The logic of regional integration: Europe and beyond. CUP, 1999.‏ Chapter 5 (Integration outside Europe), pp.139-162.

Kacowicz, A.M. (2008) Latin America and the world: globalization, regionalization, and fragmentation. Nueva Sociedad 214, 1-11.‏

Supplementary reading:

Domínguez, Jorge (2007), “International Cooperation in Latin America: The Design of Regional Institutions by Slow Accretion,” in A. Acharya and A. I. Johnston (eds.), Crafting Cooperation: Regional Institutions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp, 83-128.

Gardini, Gian Luca. "Unity and diversity in Latin American visions of regional integration." Latin American Foreign Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 235-54.‏

Malamud, Andrés (2010), “Latin American Regionalism and EU Studies,” European Integration, Vol. 32, No. 6, 637-657, November.
Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. "Regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean." Bulletin of Latin American Research 20.3 (2001): 360-369.‏

Phillips, Nicola. "Hemispheric integration and subregionalism in the Americas." International Affairs 79.2 (2003): 327-349.‏

Dabène, Olivier. The politics of regional integration in Latin America: theoretical and comparative explorations. Springer, 2009.‏

Balassa, Bela. "Regional integration and trade liberalization in Latin America." J. Common Mkt. Stud. 10 (1971): 58.‏

Bizzozero, Lincoln. "Latin America in the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century: between the strategic regionalism and the fragmented regionalization." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 54.1 (2011): 29-43.‏

Bouzas, Roberto, and Jaime Ros, eds. (1994), Economic Integration in the Western Hemisphere (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press).

José Briceño Ruiz (2007), “Strategic Regionalism and Regional Social Policy in the FTAA Process,” Global Social Policy, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 294-315.

Fawcett, Louise, and Mónica Serrano (eds.) (2005), Regionalism and Governance in the Americas: Continental Drift (London: Palgrave Mcamillan).

Legler, Thomas (2010), “Multilateralism and Regional Governance in the Americas,” in Canadian Foundation for the Americas, Latin American Multilateralism: New Directions (Ottawa: FOCAL), pp. 12-17.

Mace, Gordon and Jean-Philippe Therien (1996), “Introduction: Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas,” in Gordon Mace and Jean-Philippe Therien (eds.), Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas (Lynne Rienner), pp. 1-17.

Tulchin, Joseph S. and Ralph H. Espach (2002), Paths to Regional Integration: The Case of Mercosur (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars).

Seligson, Mitchell A. 1999. “Popular support for regional economic integration in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 31(1): 129-50.

8) Comparison 1: Current challenges in Latin American Regional Integration – Populism, Overlapping Regional Organizations, and Regional Fatigue

Recommended reading:

Malamud, Andrés. 2019. Overlapping regionalism, no integration: conceptual issues and the Latin American experiences. Politica Internacional: 46-59.‏

Wajner, Daniel F., and Luis Roniger. (2019) Transnational Identity Politics in the Americas: Chavismo's Regional Legitimation Strategies. Latin American Research Review 54 (2): 458-75.

Supplementary reading:

Weiffen, Brigitte, Leslie Wehner and Detlef Nolte. “Overlapping Regional Security Institutions in South America: the Case of OAS and UNASUR. International Area Studies Review. Vol.16, No.4 (2013), pp.370-389.

Riggirozzi, Pía, and Diana Tussie. "The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism in Latin America." The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism. Springer Netherlands, 2012. 1-16.‏

Malamud, Andrés, and Gian Luca Gardini. 2012. Has regionalism peaked? The Latin American quagmire and its lessons. The international spectator 47(1):116-133.‏

Tussie, Diana (2009), “Latin America: Constrasting Motivations for Regional Projects,” Review of International Studies 35, pp. 169-188.

Gómez-Mera, Laura. 2009. “Domestic Constraints on Regional Cooperation: Explaining Trade Conflict in MERCOSUR.” Review of International Political Economy 16 (5): 746-77.‏

Serbin, Andrés (2010), “Old Facts and New Challenges in Regional Multilateralism: A Latin American Idiosyncracy?”, in Canadian Foundation for the Americas, Latin American Multilateralism: New Directions (Ottawa: FOCAL), pp. 8-11.

Malamud, Andrés (2011), “A Leader without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy,” Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 53, No. 3, Fall, pp. 1-24.

Riggirozzi, Pía (2010), “Region, Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis,” Latin American Trade Network, Working Paper No. 130, April, pp. 1-17.

Mace, Gordon. 2020. Dynamics of legitimation in regional organisations: The OAS and non-state actors. Global Society 34(4):507-527.‏

Mace, Gordon. 2021. Input legitimation dynamics in regional organizations: Mercosur and civil society. International Politics 58(5):704-722.‏

Wajner, Daniel F., “Making (Latin) America Great Again: Lessons from Neo-Populist Foreign Policies in the Americas.” In Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter- and Transnational Dimensions, eds. Dirk Nabers, Frank Stengel, & David MacDonald (Palgrave 2019), 195–225.

Kacowicz, Arie M. & Daniel F. Wajner, “Alternative World Orders in an Age of Globalization: Latin American Scenarios and Responses”. In Latin America in Global International Relations, eds. Amitav Acharya, Melisa Deciancio and Diana Tussie (Routledge, 2022), 11–30.

9) Comparison 2: History of Regional Integration in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) – Independence, Pan-Arabist Wave, Pan-Islamic Wave, Sub-regional Wave.

Recommended reading:

Solingen, Etel. 2008. "The genesis, design and effects of regional institutions: lessons from East Asia and the Middle East". International Studies Quarterly 52: 261-294

Barnett, Michael and Ethel Solingen. 2007. "Designed to fail of failure of design? .The origins and legacy of the Arab League", in A. Acharya and A.I. Johnston (eds.) Crafting Cooperation: regional international institutions in comparative perspective (London: Cambridge), 180-220.

Supplementary reading:

Hinnebusch R. (2003). The international politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press.‏

Brennan, Louis, and Philomena Murray, eds. Drivers of integration and regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative perspectives. Routledge, 2015.‏

El-Erian, Mohamed A., and Stanley Fischer. "Is MENA a region? The scope for regional integration." Economic and Political Impediments to Middle East Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000. 70-86.‏

Escribano, Gonzalo, and Josep María Jordán. "Sub‐regional integration in the MENA region and the euro‐mediterranean free trade area." Mediterranean Politics 4.2 (1999):133-48.‏

Lewis, Bernard. 1994. The shaping of the modern Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press).‏

Hudson, Michael. 1977. Arab politics: The search for legitimacy (Yale University Press(‏

Goma´a, Ahmed. 1977. The foundation of the League of Arab States. (London: Longman)

10) Comparison 2: Current challenges in MENA Regional Integration – The Arab Spring, the Arab and non-Arab divide, the Shia-Sunna divide.

Recommended reading:

Wajner, Daniel F., and Arie M. Kacowicz. "The quest for regional legitimation: Analyzing the Arab League’s legitimizing role in the Arab spring." Regional & Federal Studies 28.4 (2018): 489-521.‏

Bicchi, Federica. "‘Our size fits all’: Normative Power Europe and the Mediterranean." Journal of European public policy 13.2 (2006): 286-303.‏

Supplementary reading:

Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in international relations: power, politics and ideology. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press, 2005.‏

Börzel, TA., Dandashly.A. & Risse. T. (2015) Responses to the ‘Arabellions’: The EU in Comparative Perspective-Introduction. Journal of European Integration 37(1):1-17

Bilgin, Pinar. Regional security in the Middle East: A critical perspective. Routledge, 2019.‏

Devlin, Julia. Challenges of economic development in the Middle East and North Africa region. Vol. 8. World Scientific, 2010.‏

Rouis, Mustapha, and Steven R. Tabor. Regional economic integration in the Middle East and North Africa: Beyond trade reform. World Bank Publications, 2012.‏

Karamouzian, Mohammad, and Navid Madani. "COVID-19 response in the Middle East and north Africa: challenges and paths forward." The Lancet Global Health 8.7 (2020): e886-e887.‏

Solomon, Hussein, and Arno Tausch. Arab MENA countries: Vulnerabilities and constraints against democracy on the eve of the global Covid-19 crisis. Springer, 2021.‏

Barnett, Michael. 1998. Dialogues in Arab politics: negotiations in regional order (NY: Columbia University Press(‏.

11) The Institutionalization of Interregional Associations: EU-Latin America and SEGIB; EU-MENA and the Mediterranean Union; EU-US.

Recommended reading:

Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. "Diffusing (inter-) regionalism: the EU as a model of regional integration." (2009): 27.‏

Lenz, Tobias. "Spurred emulation: The EU and regional integration in Mercosur and SADC." West European Politics 35.1 (2012): 155-173.‏

Supplementary reading:

Mattli, Walter. "A Comparative Analysis of Regional Integration: What Lessons for the Arab Region?." Arab Development Challenges of the New Millennium. Routledge, 2017. 311-353.‏

Press‐Barnathan, Galia. 2000. "The lure of regional security arrangements: the United States and regional security cooperation in Asia and Europe". Security Studies, 10(2), 49-97.‏

Grugel, Jean B. “New Regionalism and Modes of Governance-Comparing US and EU Strategies in Latin America”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol.10, no.4 (2004), pp.603-626.

Valladão, Alfredo GA. "Europe and Latin America: Differing routes for regional integration." Interregionalism and the European Union. Routledge, 2016. 139-156.‏

Thakur, Ramesh, and Luk Van Langenhove. "Enhancing global governance through regional integration." Global governance 12.3 (2006): 233-240.‏

Fort, Bertrand, and Douglas Webber, eds. Regional integration in East Asia and Europe: convergence or divergence?. Routledge, 2006.‏

Jetschke, Anja, and Philomena Murray. "Diffusing regional integration: the EU and Southeast Asia." West European Politics 35.1 (2012): 174-191.‏

Roy, Joaquín, et al. The European Union and regional integration. A comparative perspective and lessons for the Americas. 2005.‏

Wajner, D.F., and Labadie, J. (2009) The negotiations between the European Union and MERCOSUR for an Association Agreement (in Spanish). Thesis. Montevideo: Ort University.

Tovias, A., Lannon, C. Koch, and O. Shaban(2015), “EU’s Promotion of Regional and Sub-regional Economic Integration and Cooperation”, in The Arab Spring in Comparative Perspective, SSN-EuroMeSCo Joint Policy Study , Barcelona, IEMed, pp. 94-122.

Dexter Boniface (2010), “Latin American Multilateralism: The U.S. Perspective,” in Canadian Foundation for the Americas, Latin American Multilateralism: New Directions (Ottawa: FOCAL), pp. 44-47.

12) Israel and Regional Integration: The Quest for a Region.

Recommended reading:

Tovias, A. (2009), Current Israeli Perspectives on EU-Mediterranean Relations, Hellenic Studies, 17/2: 191-204.

Beck, Martin. "Israel: regional politics in a highly fragmented region." Regional leadership in the global system. Routledge, 2016. 139-160.‏

Supplementary reading:

Hurrell, Andrew. "Regional powers and the global system from a historical perspective." Regional leadership in the global system. Routledge, 2016. 27-40.‏

Del Sarto, Raffaella A. "Plus ça change…? Israel, the EU and the Union for the Mediterranean." Mediterranean Politics 16.01 (2011): 117-134.‏

Adler, E., Bicchi, F., Crawford, B., & Del Sarto, R. A. (Eds.). (2006). The convergence of civilizations: constructing a Mediterranean region (Vol. 1). University of Toronto Press.‏

Tovias, A. (2003), Israeli Policy Perspectives on the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership in the Context of EU Enlargement, Mediterranean Politics, 8/2-3: 214-32.

Del Sarto, Raffaella A., and Alfred Tovias. "Caught between Europe and the Orient: Israel and the EMP." The International Spectator 36.4 (2001): 61-75.‏

Shavit, Yaacov. "The mediterranean world and ‘Mediterraneanism’: The origins, meaning, and application of a geo‐cultural notion in Israel." Mediterranean Historical Review 3.2 (1988): 96-117.‏

Vasconcelos, Alvaro, and George Joffé. "Towards Euro‐Mediterranean regional integration." (2000): 3-6.‏

Arie M. Kacowicz, Exequiel Lacowsky, & Daniel F. Wajner, “Israel-Latin American Relations: What Has Changed in the Last Decade and Why”. In Extra-hemispheric powers in Latin America, ed. Gian-Luca Gardini (Routledge, 2021), 153–166.

Harpaz, Guy. "Normative power Europe and the problem of a legitimacy deficit: an Israeli perspective." European Foreign Affairs Review 12.1 (2007).‏

Pardo, Sharon. Normative power Europe meets Israel: perceptions and realities. Lexington Books, 2015.‏

Mueller, Patrick. "Normative power Europe and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the EU’s peacebuilding narrative meets local narratives." European security 28.3 (2019): 251-267.‏

El-Erian, Mohamed A., and Stanley Fischer. "Is MENA a region? The scope for regional integration." Economic and Political Impediments to Middle East Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000. 70-86.‏

Tovias, Alfred. "EU Foreign Policy on the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Reevaluation." Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 15.2 (2021): 201-216.‏

13) Quo Vadis? Methodology and further research on Regional Integration.

De Lombaerde, Philippe, ed. Assessment and measurement of regional integration. Routledge, 2006.‏

Haftel, Yoram, Daniel F. Wajner, & Dan Eran, “The Short and Long(er) of It: The Effect of Hard Times on Regional Institutionalization,” International Studies Quarterly (2020), 808–820.

Haftel, Yoram Z. "Designing for peace: regional integration arrangements, institutional variation, and militarized interstate disputes." International Organization 61.1 (2007): 217-237.‏

Schlipphak, Bernd. 2015. “Measuring attitudes toward regional organizations outside Europe.” The Review of International Organizations 10 (3): 351-75.

Slapin, Jonathan B., and Julia Gray. 2014. “Depth, ambition and width in regional economic organizations.” Journal of European Public Policy 21 (5): 730-45.