Syllabus - The Biblical Scrolls from the Judean Desert: Essence and Scribal Culture (21991)

Additional Reading Material:
one of these computer programs:
www.accordancebible.com/ (ed. Martin G. Abegg, James E. Bowley, Edward M. Cook)
http://www.logos.com/ (ed. Stephen J. Pfann; morphological analysis by Michael Heiser)
or the websites:
Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Library–Biblical Texts, accompanied by images (Leiden: Brill, 2015; online version, 2016; ed. Donald W. Parry and Andrew C. Skinner):
https://brill.com/display/db/dsbo?rskey&eq;vGe87A&result&eq;1
The Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Library: Online Version [non-biblical texts], rev. ed. (Provo: Brigham Young University, 2006) part of the Dead Sea Scrolls Electronic Reference Library, ed. Emanuel Tov (Leiden: Brill, 2016):
https://brill.com/display/db/dsno?rskey&eq;CC90D9&result&eq;1
Elisha Qimron, The Qumran Texts: Composite Edition (Zenodo, 2020), doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3737950
The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library (Israel Antiquities Authority):
https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive

How to Locate the Non-Hebrew Judean Desert Texts
www.accordancebible.com/ , DSS Greek Texts (ed. Martin G. Abegg)

General Bibliography
David M. Carr, “Background and Aims of a Scroll Approach to the Formation of the Hebrew Bible,” AABNER 3 (2023): 9–79
Sidnie W. Crawford, Scribes and Scrolls at Qumran (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2019)
Sidnie W. Crawford and Cecilia Wassen, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran and the Concept of a Library, STDJ 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2016)
Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2 vols., ed. L.H. Schiffman and J.C. VanderKam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
Daniel K. Falk, “In the Margins of the Dead Sea Scrolls,” in Bible as Notepad: Tracing Annotations and Annotation Practices in Late Antique and Medieval Biblical Manuscripts, ed. L.I. Lied and M. Maniaci (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018), 10–38
Ariel Feldman, Tefillin and Mezuzot from Qumran: New Readings and Interpretations, BZAW 538 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022)
Marcello Fidanzio, ed., The Caves of Qumran: Proceedings of the International Conference, Lugano 2014, STDJ 118 (Leiden: Brill, 2017)
Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Marcello Fidanzio, eds., Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha IVa, Qumran Cave 11Q, Archaeology and New Scroll Fragments, NTOA, Series Archaeologica 8a (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2019)
Anna Krauẞ et al., eds., Material Aspects of Reading in Ancient and Medieval Cultures, Materiality, Presence and Performance (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020)
E. Yehezkel Kutscher, The Language and Linguistic Background of the Isaiah Scroll (1Q Isa), STDJ 6 (Leiden: Brill, 1974)
Armin Lange, Handbuch der Textfunde vom Toten Meer, I: Die Handschriften biblischer Bücher von Qumran und den anderen Fundorten (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009)
Daniel A. Machiela, A Handbook of the Aramaic Scrolls from the Qumran Caves, Manuscripts, Language and Scribal Practices, STDJ 140 (Leiden: Brill, 2023)
Malachi Martin, The Scribal Character of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2 vols., Bibliothèque du Muséon 44, 45 (Louvain: Publications Universitaires and Institut Orientaliste, 1958)
Antony Perrot and Matthieu Richelle, “The Dead Sea Scrolls’ Paleo-Hebrew Script: Its Roots in Hebrew Scribal Tradition,” in É. Attia and A. Perrot, eds. The Hebrew Bible Manuscripts: A Millennium, THBSup 6 (Leiden: Brill, 2022), 1–74
Mladen Popović and Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar, “The Quality of Hasmonaean Biblical Manuscripts,” DSD 30 (2023): 189–212
Elisha Qimron, A Grammar of the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Jerusalem: Yad Yizhak Ben-Zvi, 2018)
Eric D. Reymond, Qumran Hebrew: An Overview of Orthography, Phonology, and morphology, SBL Resources for Biblical Study 76 (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2014)
Shemaryahu Talmon and Yigael Yadin, Masada VI, The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports, Hebrew Fragments from Masada (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999), 1–149
Jonathan P. Siegel, “The Scribes of Qumran. Studies in the Early History of Jewish Scribal Customs, With Special Reference to the Qumran Biblical Scrolls and to the Tannaitic Traditions of Massekheth Soferim” (PhD diss., Brandeis University 1971; University Microfilms, 1972)
—, “The Employment of Palaeo-Hebrew Characters for the Divine Names at Qumran in the Light of Tannaitic Sources,” HUCA 42 (1971): 159–72
—, “An Orthographic Convention of 1QIsa and the Origin of Two Masoretic Anomalies,” in 1972 and 1973 Proceedings IOMS, ed. H.M. Orlinsky, Masoretic Studies 1 (Missoula, MT: Society of Biblical Literature, 1974), 99–110
Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert, STDJ 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2004)
—, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays, Volume 3, VTSup 167 (Leiden: Brill, 2015)
—, Textual Developments, Collected Essays, Volume 4, VTSup 181 (Leiden: Brill, 2019)
—, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 4th ed. rev. and enl. (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2022)
—, Studies in Textual Criticism: Collected Essays, Volume 5, VTSup 197 (Leiden: Brill, 2024)
Ada Yardeni, “A Note on a Qumran Scribe,” in New Seals and Inscriptions, Hebrew, Idumean, and Cuneiform, ed. M. Lubetski (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2007), 287–98
Philip Zhakevich, Scribal Tools in Ancient Israel. A Study of Biblical Hebrew Terms for Writing Materials and Implements (University Park: Eisenbrauns, 2020)

Select bibliography for sessions in addition to the bibliography mentioned above

1. 1 Introduction. Printed and electronic sources of the Judean Desert scrolls. Was Qumran a library?

Ian Werrett, “Is Qumran a Library” in Sidnie W. Crawford and Cecilia Wassen, ed., The Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran and the Concept of a Library, STDJ 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 78–105
Sidnie W. Crawford, “The Qumran Collection as a Scribal Library,” in Crawford–Wassen, Concept of a Library, 109–31
Armin Lange, “The Qumran Dead Sea Scrolls: Library or Manuscript Corpus? in From 4QMMT to Resurrection: Mélanges qumraniens en hommage à Émile Puech, ed. F. García Martínez et al., STDJ 61 (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 177–93

2. What is a Scripture scroll. Authenticity. Deluxe scrolls.

Kipp Davis, “High-Quality Scrolls from the Post-Herodian Periods,” in: Elgvin et al., Gleanings, 129–38
Menahem Haran, “Book-Scrolls in Israel in Pre-Exilic Times,” JJS 33 (1982): 161–73
Emanuel Tov, “‘Luxury Scrolls’ from the Judean Desert,” in Fountains of Wisdom: In Conversation with James H. Charlesworth, ed. G. Oegema, L. Stuckenbruck, and H. Rietz (London: Bloomsbury, 2022), 422–32
—, “Were Early Hebrew Scripture Texts Authoritative?” in Emanuel Tov, Textual Developments: Collected Essays, Volume 4 (2019), 21–35

3. Relation between scrolls and compositions

Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert, STDJ 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), chapters

4. Different dimensions of Scripture scrolls. Different types of scrolls according to these dimensions.

William A. Johnson, Bookrolls and Scribes in Oxyrhynchus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004)
Kipp Davis, “Structure, Stichometry, and Standardisation: An Analysis of Scribal Features in a Selection of the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls,” in M.S. Pajunen and J. Penner, eds., Functions of Psalms and Prayers in the Late Second Temple Period (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2017), 155–84
Mika S. Pajunen, “Reading Psalm and Prayer Manuscripts from Qumran,” in Krauẞ, Material Aspects, 55–70

5. Scripture scrolls inscribed in the Paleo-Hebrew script. Features. Background.
Antony Perrot and Matthieu Richelle, “The Dead Sea Scrolls’ Paleo-Hebrew Script: Its Roots in Hebrew Scribal Tradition,” in Attia–Perrot, Millennium, 1–74
David N. Freedman and Kenneth A. Mathews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev) (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1985)
Emanuel Tov, “The Socio-Religious Background of the Paleo-Hebrew Biblical Texts Found at Qumran,” in Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festschrift für Martin Hengel zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. H. Cancik et al., 2 vols. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1996), I.353–74

6. Exegesis reflected by the sense divisions. Sense divisions in parallel scrolls. Parallels with MT.
Josef M. Oesch, Petucha und Setuma, Untersuchungen zu einer überlieferten Gliederung im hebräischen Text des Alten Testament, OBO 27 (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979)
—, “Textgliederung im Alten Testament und in den Qumranhandschriften,” Henoch 5 (1983): 289–321
Odil H. Steck, Die erste Jesajarolle von Qumran (1QIsa): Schreibweise als Leseanleitung für ein Prophetenbuch, SBS 173/1 (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1998)
Emanuel Tov, “The Chapter and Section Divisions in Esther,” in idem, Collected Essays, Volume 3, 102–20
Matthieu Richelle, “Scribal Punchlines: The Masoretic Divisions as Witnesses to Narrative and Rhetorical Sensitivity of Scribes in the Books of Samuel,” in 2 Samuel/2 Règnes, Textes, histoire, receptions, ed. S. Morlet and B. Oiry (Leuven: Peeters, 2023), 197–214

7. Layout of the songs in the Judean Desert scrolls. Exegesis reflected by the layout.
Anna Krauẞ and Friederike Schücking-Jungblut, “Stichographic Layout in the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls: Observations on its Development and its Potential,” in From Scrolls to Scrolling: Sacred Texts, Materiality, and Dynamic Media Cultures, ed. B.A. Anderson, JCITTT 12 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020), 13–34
Emanuel Tov, “The Background of the Stichometric Arrangements of Poetry in the Judean Desert Scrolls,” in idem, Collected Essays, Volume 3, 325–36

8. Contextual meaning of scribal marks
Mladen Popović, “Reading, Writing, and Memorizing Together: Reading Culture in Ancient Judaism and the Dead Sea Scrolls in a Mediterranean Context,” DSD 24 (2017): 447–70
Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert, STDJ 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), chapters

9. Divine names
Patrick W. Skehan, “The Divine Name at Qumran, in the Masada Scroll, and in the Septuagint,” BIOSCS 13 (1980): 16–44
Anthony R. Meyer, Naming God in Early Judaism, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek, Studies in Cultural Contexts of the Bible 2 (Leiden: Brill, 2022)
Jonathan Ben-Dov, “The Elohistic Psalter and the Writing of Divine Names at Qumran.” in The Dead Sea Scrolls and Contemporary Culture: Proceedings of the International Conference Held at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem (July6–8, 2008), eds. A.D.Roitman, L.Schiffman, and S.Tzoref, STDJ 93 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 79–104

10. Systems of scribal intervention.
Drew Longacre, “Developmental Stage, Scribal Lapse, or Physical Defect? 1QIsaa’s Damaged Exemplar for Isaiah Chapters 34–66,” DSD 20 (2013): 17–50
—, “Damaged Manuscripts: Not Just a Modern Dilemma,” in Hartog et al., The DSS and the Study of the Humanities, 141–64
Emanuel Tov, “Approaches of Scribes to the Biblical Text in Ancient Israel,” in Emanuel Tov, Collected Essays, Volume 5, 368–85

11. Scribal diversity of Scripture scrolls

12. The Qumran scribal practice
Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar, “In Search of the Scribe of 1QS,” in Paul, Emanuel, 439–52
—, “Assessing Emanuel Tov’s ‘Qumran Scribal Practice’,” in The Dead Sea Scrolls: Transmission of Traditions and Production of Texts, ed. S. Metso et al., STDJ 92 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 173–207
Emanuel Tov, “Scribal Features of Two Qumran Scrolls,” in idem, Collected Essays, Volume 3, 368–86