HU Credits: 2

Degree/Cycle: 1st degree (Bachelor)

Responsible Department: Criminology

Semester: 1st Semester

Teaching Languages: Hebrew

Campus: Mt. Scopus

Course/Module Coordinator: Dr. Limor Yehuda

Coordinator Email: Limlim34@gmail.com

Coordinator Office Hours: In coordination with the lecturer

Teaching Staff:
Dr. Limor Yehuda

Course/Module description:
The examination of crimes in the global arena, main characteristics, and the examination of criminologist theories in the analysis of those phenomenons.

Course/Module aims:
The course will focus in the main crimes that operate and benefit from the globalization process.
In addition, several theories will be presented in order to examine their applicability in analyzing global crimes.

Learning outcomes - On successful completion of this module, students should be able to:
The student will have knowledge regarding the special characteristics of global crimes and will be able to use suitable theories in order to analyze global crimes.

Attendance requirements(%):
100%

Teaching arrangement and method of instruction: lecture

Course/Module Content:
‎‏Lesson 1+2: Introduction; What is globalization? global crime; Threats and challenges and globalization in view of the coronavirus pandemic.


Lesson 3+4+5: victims and criminals and human trafficking

Lesson 6 :
Formal and informal social supervision and their impact on child trafficking

‏
‏ Lesson7: Trafficking in Women; Personal dynamics of victims in the mirror of immigration and crime

Lesson 8 : Drugs and trafficking in drugs within globalization

Lesson 9: rational Selection Theory; Its limitations and benefits in the field of drug and arms trafficking

Lesson 10: task in groups. A change in the date is assumed and you will be informed

Required Reading:
Lesson 1+2 Introduction
Burlacu, S., Gutu, C., & Matei, F. O. (2018). Globalization–pros and cons. Calitatea, 19(S1), 122-125.‏
Aas, K. F. (2013). Globalization and crime (pp. 3-26). SAGE Publications Limited
Garland, D., & Sparks, R. (2000). Criminology, social theory and the challenge of our
times. The British Journal of Criminology, 40(2), 189-204
‏
Lesson 3+4 Econonmic crime and markets from a global perception and social conflict



Findlay, M. (2018). Trading Corruption North/South. In The Palgrave Handbook of
Criminology and the Global South (pp. 369-390). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Neagu, O. M. (2019). Recent Instruments to Address Financial Crime. The Case of Romania. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 19(1), 39-44.‏

Lesson 5: Human trafficking

Hernandez, & Rudolph. (2015). Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking
in Europe?. European Journal of Political Economy, 38, 118-139.
Van der Wilt, H. (2014). Trafficking in Human Beings, Enslavement, Crimes Against
Humanity: Unravelling the Concepts. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13(2),
297-334.

Lesson 6-8 Social formal and informal control and it's effect on Child trafficking

Dubowitz, H. (2017). Child sexual abuse and exploitation—A global glimpse. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 66, 2-8.
Jiang, B., & LaFree, G. (2017). Social control, trade openness and human
trafficking. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(4), 887-913.
Querol, A., & Lerner, A. (2024). The Vulnerability of Minors after a Child Trafficking Situation. Journal of Human Trafficking, 10(1), 103-120.‏
Varma, S., Gillespie, S., Mccracken, C. & Greenbaum. J. (2015). Characteristics of
child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for
medical care in the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 98-105.

Lesson 9-11
Women trafficking - the personal dynamic of victimization


García-Vázquez, O., & Meneses-Falcón, C. (2024). What is the impact of human
trafficking on the biopsychosocial health of victims: a systematic review. Journal f
immigrant and minority health, 26(1), 148-162.‏
Hume, D., & Sidun, N. (2017). Human Trafficking of Women and Girls:
Characteristics, Commonalities, and Complexities. Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 7-
11.
Kotiswaran, P. (2020). Transnational criminal law in a globalized world. Transnational Legal Ordering of Criminal Justice, 120.‏

Lesson 12: Rational choice theory: disadvantages and advantages in regard to arm and drug trafficking

Arsovska, J., & Kostakos, P. A. (2008). Illicit arms trafficking and the limits of rational choice theory: the case of the Balkans. Trends in Organized Crime, 11(4), 352-378.‏
Bright, D., & Delaney, J. (2013). Evolution of a drug trafficking network: Mapping
changes in network structure and function across time. Global Crime, 14, 238-
260.

Lesson 13,14
transnational challenges in coping with crime; HOT SPOT THEORY IN global perception

Aas, K. F., & Gundhus, H. O. (2014). Policing humanitarian borderlands: Frontex, human rights and the precariousness of life. British Journal of Criminology, 55(1), 1-18.
Andreas, P. (2003). Redrawing the line: borders and security in the twenty-first century. International security, 28(2), 78-111.‏
Singh, S. C. (2018). High-Tech and Computer Crimes: Global Challenges, Global

Responses. In Contemporary Issues in International Law (pp. 413-437).

Springer, Singapore.‏

Weisburd, David, Anthony Braga, Elizabeth Groff, and Alese Wooditch. (2017). Can
Hot Spots Policing Reduce Crime in Urban Areas? An Agent-Based Simulation.
Criminology, 55 (1):137-173

Additional Reading Material:
‏‎‏Lesson 1+2: Introduction; What is globalization? global crime; Threats and challenges and globalization in view of the coronavirus pandemic
Aas, K. F. (2013). Globalization and crime (pp. 27-48). SAGE Publications Limited.‎
Allen, J., Burns, N., Garrett, L., Haass, R. N., Ikenberry, G. J., Mahbubani, K., ... & ‎Schake, K. (2020). How the world will look after the coronavirus ‎pandemic. Foreign Policy, 20, 2020.‎‏
Broséus, J., Rhumorbarbe, D., Morelato, M., Staehli, L., & Rossy, Q. (2017). A
‎ geographical analysis of trafficking on a popular darknet market. Forensic ‎science ‎
‎ international, 277, 88-102. ‎
Christensen, M. J., & Boister, N. (2018). New Perspectives on the Structure of
‏ ‏‎ Transnational Criminal Justice. Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational
‎ Crime, 2(1), 1-11.‎‏
Derri, D. K., & Popoola, G. O. (2017). The Challenge of Globalization and
‎ Transnational Environmental Crime. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 65, 80.‎
Garland, D. (2000). The culture of high crime societies. British journal of ‎
‎ criminology, 40(3), 347-375.‎
Godson, R. (2017). Menace to society: political-criminal collaboration around the
‎ ‎
‎ world. Routledge.‎‏
‏
Hillison, J. R., & Isaacson, A. (2016). Deviant globalization: the application of
‎ strategic landpower. Defense & Security Analysis, 32(4), 281-292.‎

Mingote, C. B. (2017). The Impact of Globalization: Fear and ‎Wonder. International
‎ Scientific Conference" Strategies XXI" (Vol. 1, p. 165). " Carol I" National ‎
‎ ‎‏ ‏Defence University.‎‏ ‏‎ ‎


Lesson 3+4: Economic crime and markets in a global aspect and in the skepticism of the conflict approach
Social.
לרנאו, ח. (2016). עבריינות ואכיפת חוק, תיאוריה-מדיניות-ביקורת, עמ' 206-237, הוצאת פרדס: ‏
‏ חיפה. ‏

Breslin, S. (2016). China and the global political economy. Springer.‎
Findlay, M., & Hanif, N. (2012). Taking crime out of crime business. International ‎Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(4), 338-368. ‎
Kwong, J. (2015). The political economy of corruption in China. Routledge.‎‏
Masciandaro, D. (Ed.). (2017). Global financial crime: terrorism, money laundering
‎ and offshore centres. Taylor & Francis‎
Nawaz, S., Mckinnon, R., & Webb, R. (2002). Informal and Formal Money Transfer
‎ Networks: Financial Service or Financial Crime? Journal of Money Laundering‎
‎ Control, 5(4), 330-337.‎


Lesson 5 : Human Trafficking - Slavery and Organ Trafficking under the auspices of Social Anomaly
And individually
לרנאו, ח. (2016). עבריינות ואכיפת חוק, תיאוריה-מדיניות-ביקורת, עמ' 193-205, הוצאת פרדס: ‏
‏ חיפה. ‏

Lesson 6+7+8: Formal and informal social supervision and their impact on child trafficking:


Huijsmans, R., & Baker, S. (2012). Child trafficking:‘Worst form of child labour, or
‎ worst approach to young migrants?‎‏'‏‎. Development and Change, 43(4), 919-946.‎‏




Lesson 9+10+11: Trafficking in Women; Personal dynamics of victims in the mirror of immigration and crime

Muftić, L. R. & Finn, M. A. (2013). Health outcomes among women trafficked for
‎ sex in the United States: a closer look. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(9), ‎‎ ‎
‎ 859-1885.‎

Freilich, J. D., & Addad, M. (2017). Migration, culture conflict and crime (chapter ‎‎3). Routledge.‎‏‎ ‎


Lesson 12 : Rational Selection Theory; Its limitations and benefits in the field o
f drug and arms trafficking:


Lesson 13+14 : 'Cross-Border' Challenges in Tackling Crime and the Applications of
Global Hotspots Theor‏
Barak, G. (2001). Crime and crime control in an age of globalization: A theoretical ‎dissection. Critical criminology, 10(1), 57-72.‎‏
Bosworth, M., Franko, K., & Pickering, S. (2018). Punishment, globalization and ‎migration control: ‘Get them the hell out of here’. Punishment & ‎Society, 20(1), 34-53.‎‏
Boyce, G. A. (2016). The rugged border: Surveillance, policing and the dynamic ‎materiality of the US/Mexico frontier. Environment and Planning D: Society ‎and Space, 34(2), 245-262.‎‏
Brouwer, J., Van Der Woude, M., & Van Der Leun, J. (2017). Border policing, ‎procedural justice and belonging: the legitimacy of immigration controls in ‎border areas. The British Journal of Criminology. Retrieved in February 28, ‎‎2018 https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx050 .‎‏
Efrat, A. (2016). Global efforts against human trafficking: The misguided conflation ‎of sex, labor, and organ trafficking. International Studies Perspectives, 17(1), ‎‎34-54.‎‏
Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control : Crime and social order in contemporary
‎ society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.‎
Godenau, D., & López-Sala, A. (2016). Multi-layered migration deterrence and ‎
‎ ‎
‎ technology in Spanish maritime border management. Journal of Borderlands ‎

‎ Studies, 31(2), 151-169.‎‏

Hill, C. (2018). Biometrics becoming must-have for fraud prevention. Biometric
‎ ‎
‎ Technology Today , 9-11.‎‏‎ ‎

Pallister-Wilkins, P. (2015). The humanitarian politics of European border policing:‎

‎ Frontex and border police in Evros. International Political Sociology, 9(1), 53-‎‎69.‎‏

Wilson, D. (2006). Biometrics, borders and the ideal suspect. In Borders, mobility ‎and ‎
‎ technologies of control (pp. 87-109). Springer, Dordrecht.


Additional Refrences:
Andreas, P., & Nadelmann, E. A. (2008). Policing the globe: Criminalization and
‎ ‎
‎ crime control in international relations. Oxford University Press.‎‏

Beeks, K., & Amir, D. (Eds). (2006). Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. ‎ Oxford, United Kingdom: Lexington Books.‎
Benson, J. S., & Decker, S. H. (2010). The organizational structure of international ‎drug smuggling. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(2), 130-138‎‏.‏

Boyce, G. A. (2016). The rugged border: Surveillance, policing and the dynamic ‎
‎ ‎
‎ materiality of the US/Mexico frontier. Environment and Planning D: Society ‎
‎ ‎
‎ and Space, 34(2), 245-262.‎‏

Brown, L. (2000). Sex Slaves: The Trafficking of Women in Asia. London, England: ‎Virago Press.‎
Dyer, O. (2002, 26 October). Organ Trafficking Prompts UK Review of Payments for ‎ Donors. British Medical Journal, 325, p. 924. ‎
Efrat, A. (2016). Global efforts against human trafficking: The misguided conflation ‎of sex, labor, and organ trafficking. International Studies Perspectives, 17(1), ‎‎34-54.‎‏
Galeotti, M. (Ed.). (2014). Introduction (pp. 1-7). Global crime today: the changing ‎face of organized crime. Routledge. ‎
Garland, David. "The limits of the sovereign state: Strategies of crime control in ‎
‎ contemporary society." The British Journal of Criminology, 36.4 (1996):445-‎‎471‎‏.‏
Jakobi, A. (2015). Global networks against crime: Using the Financial Action Task ‎
‎ Force as a model? International Journal, 70(3), 391-407.‎
Jewkes, Y. (Ed.). (2013). Crime online. Routledge.‎‏

Majic, S. (2018). Responding to Human Trafficking: Sex, Gender, and Culture in the
‎ Law , by Alicia Peters. Women's Studies, 47(1), 111-114.‎
Mameli, P. (2008). Tracking the Beast: Techno-Ethics Boards and Government ‎ Surveillance Programs. Critical Issues in Justice and Politics, ‎‎1(1), 31-46. ‎
Muncie, J. (2005). The globalization of crime control—the case of youth and ‎juvenile ‎ justice Neo-liberalism, policy convergence and international ‎ conventions. Theoretical Criminology, 9(1), 35-64.‎
Muncie, J., Talbot, D., & Walters, R. (Eds.). (2014). Crime: Local and global. ‎Routledge.‎
Niemi, J., & Aaltonen, J. (2017). Tackling Trafficking by Targeting Sex Buyers: Can
‎ ‎‏ ‏‎ ‎‏1248‏‎ It Work? Violence Against Women, 23(10), 1228- ‎

Pickering, S., & Weber, L. (2006). Borders, mobility and technologies of control. ‎In Borders, mobility and technologies of control (pp. 1-19). Springer, ‎Dordrecht.‎
Roby, J., Bergquist, K. & McIntyre, B. L. (2014). More than just rescue: Thinking
‎ ‎‏ ‏‎ beyond exploitation to creating assessment strategies for child survivors ‎of
‎ ‎‏ ‏commercial sexual exploitation. International Social Work, 57(1), 39-63.‎‏ ‏‎ ‎‎ ‎‏ ‏

Viano, E. C. (2010). Globalization, transnational crime and state power: The need for ‎
‎ a new criminology. Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza, 3(1), 63-85.‎‏
Weitzer, R. (2007). The social construction of sex trafficking: Ideology and ‎institutionalization of a moral crusade. Politics & Society, 35(3), 447-475.‎
‏





שיעור ‏‎1+2‎‏: הקדמה; מהי גלובליזציה? פשע ברמה הגלובלית; איומים ואתגרים וגלובליזציה ‏בראי מגיפת הקורונה. ‏
קריאת חובה: ‏
Burlacu, S., Gutu, C., & Matei, F. O. (2018). Globalization–pros and ‎cons. Calitatea, 19(S1), 122-125.‎‏
Aas, K. F. (2013). Globalization and crime (pp. 3-26). SAGE Publications Limited ‎
Garland, D., & Sparks, R. (2000). Criminology, social theory and the challenge of ‎our
‎ times. The British Journal of Criminology, 40(2), 189-204‎
Farrell, H., & Newman, A. (2020). Will the Coronavirus End Globalization as We ‎Know It?. Foreign Affairs, 16.‎‏

קריאת רשות: ‏
Aas, K. F. (2013). Globalization and crime (pp. 27-48). SAGE Publications Limited.‎
Allen, J., Burns, N., Garrett, L., Haass, R. N., Ikenberry, G. J., Mahbubani, K., ... & ‎Schake, K. (2020). How the world will look after the coronavirus ‎pandemic. Foreign Policy, 20, 2020.‎‏
Broséus, J., Rhumorbarbe, D., Morelato, M., Staehli, L., & Rossy, Q. (2017). A
‎ geographical analysis of trafficking on a popular darknet market. Forensic ‎science ‎
‎ international, 277, 88-102. ‎
Christensen, M. J., & Boister, N. (2018). New Perspectives on the Structure of
‏ ‏‎ Transnational Criminal Justice. Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational
‎ Crime, 2(1), 1-11.‎‏
Derri, D. K., & Popoola, G. O. (2017). The Challenge of Globalization and
‎ Transnational Environmental Crime. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 65, 80.‎
Garland, D. (2000). The culture of high crime societies. British journal of ‎
‎ criminology, 40(3), 347-375.‎
Godson, R. (2017). Menace to society: political-criminal collaboration around the
‎ ‎
‎ world. Routledge.‎‏
‏
Hillison, J. R., & Isaacson, A. (2016). Deviant globalization: the application of
‎ strategic landpower. Defense & Security Analysis, 32(4), 281-292.‎

Mingote, C. B. (2017). The Impact of Globalization: Fear and ‎Wonder. International
‎ Scientific Conference" Strategies XXI" (Vol. 1, p. 165). " Carol I" National ‎
‎ ‎‏ ‏Defence University.‎‏ ‏‎ ‎





שיעור 3+4: פשיעה כלכלית ושווקים בהיבט גלובלי ובאספקלריה של גישת הקונפליקט ‏
‏ החברתי.‏

Findlay, M. (2018). Trading Corruption North/South. In The Palgrave Handbook of
‎ Criminology and the Global South (pp. 369-390). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.‎
Neagu, O. M. (2019). Recent Instruments to Address Financial Crime. The Case of ‎Romania. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 19(1), 39-44.‎‏
Peterson, B. (2013). Red Flags and Black Markets: Trends in Financial Crime and the‎
‎ Global Banking Response. Journal of Strategic Security, 6, 298-308.‎
קריאת רשות:‏
לרנאו, ח. (2016). עבריינות ואכיפת חוק, תיאוריה-מדיניות-ביקורת, עמ' 206-237, הוצאת פרדס: ‏
‏ חיפה. ‏

Breslin, S. (2016). China and the global political economy. Springer.‎
Findlay, M., & Hanif, N. (2012). Taking crime out of crime business. International ‎Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40(4), 338-368. ‎
Kwong, J. (2015). The political economy of corruption in China. Routledge.‎‏
Masciandaro, D. (Ed.). (2017). Global financial crime: terrorism, money laundering
‎ and offshore centres. Taylor & Francis‎
Nawaz, S., Mckinnon, R., & Webb, R. (2002). Informal and Formal Money Transfer
‎ Networks: Financial Service or Financial Crime? Journal of Money Laundering‎
‎ Control, 5(4), 330-337.‎




שיעור 5 : סחר בבני אדם - עבדות וסחר באיברים בחסותן של אנומיה חברתית ‏
‏ ואינדיבידואלית ‏
קריאת חובה:‏
Hernandez, & Rudolph. (2015). Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking ‎
‎ in Europe?. European Journal of Political Economy, 38, 118-139. ‎
Van der Wilt, H. (2014). Trafficking in Human Beings, Enslavement, Crimes Against
‎ Humanity: Unravelling the Concepts. Chinese Journal of International Law, ‎‎13(2), ‎
‎ 297-334.‎
קריאת רשות:‏
לרנאו, ח. (2016). עבריינות ואכיפת חוק, תיאוריה-מדיניות-ביקורת, עמ' 193-205, הוצאת פרדס: ‏
‏ חיפה. ‏


שיעור 6+7+8: פיקוח חברתי פורמלי ובלתי פורמלי והשפעתם על תופעת סחר בילדים ‏‎ ‎
קריאת חובה:‏
Buse, M. (2017). European Union cyber security in a globalized world. ‎In International Scientific Conference" Strategies XXI" (Vol. 1, p. 159). " Carol I" ‎National Defence University.‎‏
Dubowitz, H. (2017). Child sexual abuse and exploitation—A global glimpse. Child
‎ Abuse & Neglect, 66, 2-8.‎
Jiang, B., & LaFree, G. (2017). Social control, trade openness and human ‎
‎ trafficking. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(4), 887-913.‎
Varma, S., Gillespie, S., Mccracken, C. & Greenbaum. J. (2015). Characteristics of ‎
‎ child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for ‎
‎ medical care in the United States. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 98-105.‎

קריאת רשות: ‏
Huijsmans, R., & Baker, S. (2012). Child trafficking:‘Worst form of child labour, or
‎ worst approach to young migrants?‎‏'‏‎. Development and Change, 43(4), 919-946.‎‏



שיעור 9+10+11: סחר בנשים; דינמיקה אישית של קורבנות בראי של הגירה ופשיעה
קריאת חובה:‏

גור, ע. (2008). מופקרות: נשים בזנות. עמ' ‏‎146-165‎‏, תל- אביב, ישראל: הוצאת הקבוץ ‏
‏ המאוחד.‏

Hume, D., & Sidun, N. (2017). Human Trafficking of Women and Girls:‎
‎ Characteristics, Commonalities, and Complexities. Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 7-‎
‎ 11.‎
Kotiswaran, P. (2020). Transnational criminal law in a globalized ‎world. Transnational Legal Ordering of Criminal Justice, 120.‎‏ ‏

קריאת רשות:‏
Muftić, L. R. & Finn, M. A. (2013). Health outcomes among women trafficked for
‎ sex in the United States: a closer look. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(9), ‎‎ ‎
‎ 859-1885.‎

Freilich, J. D., & Addad, M. (2017). Migration, culture conflict and crime (chapter ‎‎3). Routledge.‎‏‎ ‎


שיעור 12 : תיאוריית הבחירה הרציונלית; מגבלותיה ויתרונותיה בתחום סחר בסמים ונשק ‏
קריאת חובה:‏
Arsovska, J., & Kostakos, P. A. (2008). Illicit arms trafficking and the limits of ‎rational choice theory: the case of the Balkans. Trends in Organized Crime, ‎‎11(4), 352-378‎‏.‏
Bright, D., & Delaney, J. (2013). Evolution of a drug trafficking network: Mapping ‎
‎ changes in network structure and function across time. Global Crime, 14, 238-‎
‎ 260.‎


שיעור 13+14 : אתגרים 'חוצי גבולות' בהתמודדות עם פשיעה ויישומיותה של ‏
‏ תיאוריית 'נקודות חמות' ברמה הגלובלית
קריאת חובה:‏
Aas, K. F., & Gundhus, H. O. (2014). Policing humanitarian borderlands: Frontex, ‎human rights and the precariousness of life. British Journal of ‎Criminology, 55(1), 1-18.‎
Andreas, P. (2003). Redrawing the line: borders and security in the twenty-first ‎century. International security, 28(2), 78-111.‎‏
Singh, S. C. (2018). High-Tech and Computer Crimes: Global Challenges, Global

‎ Responses. In Contemporary Issues in International Law (pp. 413-437). ‎
‎ ‎
‎ Springer, Singapore.‎‏

Weisburd, David, Anthony Braga, Elizabeth Groff, and Alese Wooditch. (2017). Can
‎ Hot Spots Policing Reduce Crime in Urban Areas? An Agent-Based Simulation.‎
‎ ‎‏ ‏Criminology, 55 (1):137-173‎‏ ‏‎ ‎

קריאת רשות:‏
Barak, G. (2001). Crime and crime control in an age of globalization: A theoretical ‎dissection. Critical criminology, 10(1), 57-72.‎‏
Bosworth, M., Franko, K., & Pickering, S. (2018). Punishment, globalization and ‎migration control: ‘Get them the hell out of here’. Punishment & ‎Society, 20(1), 34-53.‎‏
Boyce, G. A. (2016). The rugged border: Surveillance, policing and the dynamic ‎materiality of the US/Mexico frontier. Environment and Planning D: Society ‎and Space, 34(2), 245-262.‎‏
Brouwer, J., Van Der Woude, M., & Van Der Leun, J. (2017). Border policing, ‎procedural justice and belonging: the legitimacy of immigration controls in ‎border areas. The British Journal of Criminology. Retrieved in February 28, ‎‎2018 https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azx050 .‎‏
Efrat, A. (2016). Global efforts against human trafficking: The misguided conflation ‎of sex, labor, and organ trafficking. International Studies Perspectives, 17(1), ‎‎34-54.‎‏
Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control : Crime and social order in contemporary
‎ society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.‎
Godenau, D., & López-Sala, A. (2016). Multi-layered migration deterrence and ‎
‎ ‎
‎ technology in Spanish maritime border management. Journal of Borderlands ‎

‎ Studies, 31(2), 151-169.‎‏

Hill, C. (2018). Biometrics becoming must-have for fraud prevention. Biometric
‎ ‎
‎ Technology Today , 9-11.‎‏‎ ‎

Pallister-Wilkins, P. (2015). The humanitarian politics of European border policing:‎

‎ Frontex and border police in Evros. International Political Sociology, 9(1), 53-‎‎69.‎‏

Wilson, D. (2006). Biometrics, borders and the ideal suspect. In Borders, mobility ‎and ‎
‎ technologies of control (pp. 87-109). Springer, Dordrecht.‎‏


חומר קריאה נוסף (רשות)‏


Andreas, P., & Nadelmann, E. A. (2008). Policing the globe: Criminalization and
‎ ‎
‎ crime control in international relations. Oxford University Press.‎‏

Beeks, K., & Amir, D. (Eds). (2006). Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry. ‎ Oxford, United Kingdom: Lexington Books.‎
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