HU Credits: 2

Degree/Cycle: 1st degree (Bachelor)

Responsible Department: History

Semester: 1st Semester

Teaching Languages: Hebrew

Campus: Mt. Scopus

Course/Module Coordinator: Dr. Semion Goldin

Coordinator Email: semyon.goldin@mail.huji.ac.il

Coordinator Office Hours:

Teaching Staff:
Dr. Semion Goldin

Course/Module description:
The course deals with the development and ideology of national movements in Eastern Europe in 19th-20th centuries. We will trace the long-term processes and crucial events that shaped the history of Eastern Europe in the modern period. We will examine the connection between national ideology and political development of East-European countries.

Course/Module aims:

Learning outcomes - On successful completion of this module, students should be able to:
The course will teach you about:
- Basic historical processes of East-European history of modern period.
- Current trends in research of nationalism relevant to East-European history.
- Comparative analysis of historical processes and phenomena in different countries.

Attendance requirements(%):

Teaching arrangement and method of instruction:

Course/Module Content:
שיעור 1, 18.10.2018, איפה נמצא מזרחה של אירופה? מזרח אירופה כבעיה מחקרית.
קריאה:
DJK13W65 Wolff, Larry, Inventing Eastern Europe. The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994, Introduction; Conclusion, pp. 1-16; 356 -376;
Janowski, Maciej, “Pitfalls and Opportunities. The Concept of East –Central Europe as a Tool of Historical Analysis”, European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1999, pp. 91 — 100;
* Adamovsky, Ezequiel, "Euro-Orientalism and the Making of the Concept of Eastern Europe in France, 1810 – 1880", The Journal of Modern History, 77 (September 2005), pp. 591-628.
*JC325 C55 Szücz, Jenö, “Three Historical Regions of Europe”, in John Keane (ed.) Civil Society and the State, London-New York: Verso, 1993, pp. 291-330;

שיעור 2, 25.10.2018, "המצאת" הלאומנות בתחילת המאה ה-19. השפעת המהפכה הצרפתית והפילוסופיה הגרמנית.
קריאה:
D 309 N38 Godechot, Jacques, "The New Concept of the Nation and its Diffusion in Europe", in Dann, Otto, and Dinwiddy, John (eds.), Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution, London: Hambledon Press, 1988, pp. 13-20;
‪DD 120 E852 G47 Nisbet, Barry N., "Herder's Conception of Nationhood and its Influence in Eastern Europe", in Bartlett, Roger, and Schonwalder, Karen (eds.), The German Lands and Eastern Europe: Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations, New York: St. Martin’s, 1999, pp. 115-135.‎
*D 16.8 H49 Herder, Johann Gottfried, On World History, An Anthology, translated by Ernest A. Menze with Michael Palma, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997,‎ pp. 299-301.
*JC 311 N326 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, "Addresses to German Nation", in Dahbour, Omar and Ishay, Micheline R. (eds.), The Nationalism Reader, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1995, pp. 66-70.


שיעור 3, 01.11.2018, תיאוריות הלאומנות: הנס קון, אריק הובסבאום ובנדיקט אנדרסון.
קריאה:
‬Kramer, Lloyd, "Historical Narratives and the Meaning of Nationalism", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 58, No. 3, Jul., 1997, pp. 525-545;
JC 311 K567 Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism, New York: Macmillan, 1961, pp. 329-334;
*GT 95 I58 1983 Hobsbawm, Eric, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions", in Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1-14.
JC 311 A6561 1999* אנדרסון, בנדיקט, קהיליות מדומיינות: הגיגים על מקורות הלאומיות ועל התפשטותה, תל אביב: ‬האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, תשנ"ט, פרקים 1-2, עמ' 31-68.

שיעור 4, 8.11.2018, תיאוריות הלאומנות: ארנסט גלנר, מירוסלב חרוך ואנתוני סמית.
קריאה:
JC 311 G41 גלנר ארנסט, לאומים ולאומיות, תל אביב: האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, תשנ"ד, פרק 4-5, עמ' 62-90;
או גרסה אנגלית:
JC 311 G4 Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1983, ch. 4-5, pp. 39-62;
JC 311 M37 1999 Hroch, Miroslav, "From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe," in Balakrishnan, Gopal (ed.), Mapping the Nation, New York and London: Verso, 1999, pp. 78-97; or in
JC 311 B39 Eley, Geoff, and Suny, Ronald Grigor (eds.), Becoming National: a Reader, New York, N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 60-77;
JC 311 S53741 2003*סמית אנטוני, האומה בהיסטוריה, ירושלים: החברה הישראלית להיסטוריה, 2003, פרק 2, עמ' 44-71.

שיעור 5-6, 22.11.2018, (שיעור כפול) האתגר של מודרניזציה וקבוצות לאומיות במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
Kochanowicz, Jacek, "The Economy of Polish Kingdom: a Question of Dependence", in Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th-20th Centuries, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 2006, pp. 123 - 139.
סרט "Ziemia Obecana" (בימוי – Andrzej Wajda ,פולין, 1974).


שיעור 7, 29.11.2018, כתיבת ההיסטוריה כבסיס להתחדשות לאומית במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
DJK 3 D57 2006 Maior, Petru, "The History of Romanians Beginnings in Dacia", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 1, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006, pp. 169-176;
DJK 3 D57 2006 Palacký, František, "A History of the Czech Nation in Bohemia and Moravia", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 2, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007, pp. 50-56;
D 208 H76 2007 Hroch, Miroslav, "Historical Belles-lettres as a Vehicle of the Image of National History", in Comparative Studies in Modern European History:‎ Nation, Nationalism, Social Change, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 2007, pp. 97 -108.

שיעור 8, 6.12.2018, תפקידם של תרבות, שפה ופולקלור ב"התעוררות לאומית".
קריאה:
DJK 48 B76‪ Brock, Peter, "Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski and the Discovery of Polish Folklife", in Folk Cultures and Little Peoples:‎Aspects of National Awakening in East Central Europe, ‎Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1992, pp. 1-21;
DB 2005 B64 Macura, Vladimir, "Problems and Paradoxes of the National Revival", in Teich‎, Mikullas (ed.), Bohemia in History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 182-197.
* Yekelchyk, Serhy, "The National Clothes: Constructing a Ukrainian High Culture in the Russian Empire, 1860 -1900", Jahrbucher fűr Geschichte Osteuropas, 2001, 49(2), pp. 230-239;
שיעור 9, 13.12.2018, האתגר של לאומנות והאימפריות הרב-לאומיות במזרח אירופה.

Lieven, Dominic, "Dilemmas of Empire 1850-1918. Power, Territory, Identity", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Apr. 1999), pp. 163-200.
DB 47 J83 2006 Judson, Pieter M., Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 1 -18.
* JC 359 I67 2004 Ther, Philipp, “Imperial Instead of National History: Positioning Modern German History on the Map of European Empires”, in Miller A. and Rieber A.J. (eds.), Imperial Rule, Budapest-New York: Central European University Press, 2004, pp. 47-66.

שיעור 10, 20.12.2015, מתנועה לאומית לבניית המדינה הלאומית במזרח אירופה של המאה ה-19.
קריאה:
Kiss, Endre, "A Typology of Nineteenth Century Concepts of Nationhood", East European Quarterly. March 1996, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p. 47 – 62.
DR 38.3 E85 E93 2008 Kiossev, Alexander, "Legacy or Legacies: Competitions and Conflicts", in Detrez, Raymond and Segaert, Barbara (eds.), Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans, Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2008, pp. 49-67;

שיעור 11, 27.12.2018, לאומנות, אנטישמיות וגיוס המוני: התנועה הלאומית בפולין בסוף מאה ה-19 – תחילת המאה ה-20.
קריאה:
HM 728 I57 1999‪ Walicki, Andrzej, "Intellectual Elites and the Vicissitudes of "Imagined Nation" in Poland", in Suny, Ronald Grigor, and Kennedy, Michael D. (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001, pp. 259 -287; or in East European Politics and Societies, 11, no. 3(1997), pp. 227-253;
DK 4349.3 P67 2000 Porter, Brian, When Nationalism Began to Hate. Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth – Century Poland, New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 160–182, 227-232;
* DJK 49 E19 Dmowski, Roman, "Thoughts of a Modern Pole", in Sugar, Peter F. (ed.),‎ Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, Washington: The American University Press, 1995, pp. 243-249;

שיעור 12, 03.01.2019, "הסגנון הלאומי?" – גיוס לאומני של אומנות ואדריכלות במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
Pantelić, Bratislav, "Nationalism and Architecture: The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications", The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 16-41;
O'Connell, Lauren M., "A Rational, National Architecture: Viollet-le-Duc's Modest Proposal for Russia", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp.436-452.
*Everett, William A., "National Opera in Croatia and Finland, 1846 -1899", The Opera Quarterly, vol. 18, no.2, Spring 2002, pp. 183-200.

שיעור 13, 10.01.2019, לאומנות בלקנית במאה ה-19 הארוך: המצאה או מציאות?
קריאה:

Kemal H. Karpat, "The Balkan National States and Nationalism: Image and Reality",
Islamic Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2/3, (Summer/ Autumn 1997), pp. 329-359;
Siniša Malešević, "Did Wars Make Nation-States in the Balkans? Nationalisms, Wars and States in the 19th and early 20th Century South East Europe", Journal of Historical Sociology Vol. 25 No. 3 September 2012, pp. 299-330;
*Farrar, L. L.; "Aggression versus Apathy: the Limits of Nationalism during the
Balkans Wars, 1912-1913", East European Quarterly, 37, no. 3, 2003, pp. 257-280.
*DJK 3 D57 2006 Garašanin, Ilija, "The Draft", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 2, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007, pp. 238 -243.

שיעור 14, 17.01.2019, מלחמת העולם הראשונה, התנועות הלאומית וגיבושה של
ה"אירופה החדשה" לאחר המלחמה.
קריאה:
DK 293 P67 Hagen von, Mark, “The Great War and the Mobilisation of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire”, in Rubin, Barnett R., and Snyder, Jack (eds.), Post-Soviet Political Order, Conflict and State Building, London – New York, 1998, pp. 34 – 57.
DS 135 P6 F7 Black, E.C., "Lucien Wolf and the Making of Poland: Paris, 1919", in Polonsky A. (ed.), From Shtetl to Socialism, London-Washington, 1993, pp. 264-295.

Required Reading:
שיעור 1, 18.10.2018, איפה נמצא מזרחה של אירופה? מזרח אירופה כבעיה מחקרית.
קריאה:
DJK13W65 Wolff, Larry, Inventing Eastern Europe. The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994, Introduction; Conclusion, pp. 1-16; 356 -376;
Janowski, Maciej, “Pitfalls and Opportunities. The Concept of East –Central Europe as a Tool of Historical Analysis”, European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1999, pp. 91 — 100;
* Adamovsky, Ezequiel, "Euro-Orientalism and the Making of the Concept of Eastern Europe in France, 1810 – 1880", The Journal of Modern History, 77 (September 2005), pp. 591-628.
*JC325 C55 Szücz, Jenö, “Three Historical Regions of Europe”, in John Keane (ed.) Civil Society and the State, London-New York: Verso, 1993, pp. 291-330;

שיעור 2, 25.10.2018, "המצאת" הלאומנות בתחילת המאה ה-19. השפעת המהפכה הצרפתית והפילוסופיה הגרמנית.
קריאה:
D 309 N38 Godechot, Jacques, "The New Concept of the Nation and its Diffusion in Europe", in Dann, Otto, and Dinwiddy, John (eds.), Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution, London: Hambledon Press, 1988, pp. 13-20;
‪DD 120 E852 G47 Nisbet, Barry N., "Herder's Conception of Nationhood and its Influence in Eastern Europe", in Bartlett, Roger, and Schonwalder, Karen (eds.), The German Lands and Eastern Europe: Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations, New York: St. Martin’s, 1999, pp. 115-135.‎
*D 16.8 H49 Herder, Johann Gottfried, On World History, An Anthology, translated by Ernest A. Menze with Michael Palma, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997,‎ pp. 299-301.
*JC 311 N326 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, "Addresses to German Nation", in Dahbour, Omar and Ishay, Micheline R. (eds.), The Nationalism Reader, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1995, pp. 66-70.


שיעור 3, 01.11.2018, תיאוריות הלאומנות: הנס קון, אריק הובסבאום ובנדיקט אנדרסון.
קריאה:
‬Kramer, Lloyd, "Historical Narratives and the Meaning of Nationalism", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 58, No. 3, Jul., 1997, pp. 525-545;
JC 311 K567 Kohn, Hans, The Idea of Nationalism, New York: Macmillan, 1961, pp. 329-334;
*GT 95 I58 1983 Hobsbawm, Eric, "Introduction: Inventing Traditions", in Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1-14.
JC 311 A6561 1999* אנדרסון, בנדיקט, קהיליות מדומיינות: הגיגים על מקורות הלאומיות ועל התפשטותה, תל אביב: ‬האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, תשנ"ט, פרקים 1-2, עמ' 31-68.

שיעור 4, 8.11.2018, תיאוריות הלאומנות: ארנסט גלנר, מירוסלב חרוך ואנתוני סמית.
קריאה:
JC 311 G41 גלנר ארנסט, לאומים ולאומיות, תל אביב: האוניברסיטה הפתוחה, תשנ"ד, פרק 4-5, עמ' 62-90;
או גרסה אנגלית:
JC 311 G4 Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1983, ch. 4-5, pp. 39-62;
JC 311 M37 1999 Hroch, Miroslav, "From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe," in Balakrishnan, Gopal (ed.), Mapping the Nation, New York and London: Verso, 1999, pp. 78-97; or in
JC 311 B39 Eley, Geoff, and Suny, Ronald Grigor (eds.), Becoming National: a Reader, New York, N. Y.: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 60-77;
JC 311 S53741 2003*סמית אנטוני, האומה בהיסטוריה, ירושלים: החברה הישראלית להיסטוריה, 2003, פרק 2, עמ' 44-71.

שיעור 5-6, 22.11.2018, (שיעור כפול) האתגר של מודרניזציה וקבוצות לאומיות במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
Kochanowicz, Jacek, "The Economy of Polish Kingdom: a Question of Dependence", in Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th-20th Centuries, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 2006, pp. 123 - 139.
סרט "Ziemia Obecana" (בימוי – Andrzej Wajda ,פולין, 1974).


שיעור 7, 29.11.2018, כתיבת ההיסטוריה כבסיס להתחדשות לאומית במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
DJK 3 D57 2006 Maior, Petru, "The History of Romanians Beginnings in Dacia", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 1, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006, pp. 169-176;
DJK 3 D57 2006 Palacký, František, "A History of the Czech Nation in Bohemia and Moravia", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 2, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007, pp. 50-56;
D 208 H76 2007 Hroch, Miroslav, "Historical Belles-lettres as a Vehicle of the Image of National History", in Comparative Studies in Modern European History:‎ Nation, Nationalism, Social Change, Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 2007, pp. 97 -108.

שיעור 8, 6.12.2018, תפקידם של תרבות, שפה ופולקלור ב"התעוררות לאומית".
קריאה:
DJK 48 B76‪ Brock, Peter, "Zorian Dołęga Chodakowski and the Discovery of Polish Folklife", in Folk Cultures and Little Peoples:‎Aspects of National Awakening in East Central Europe, ‎Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1992, pp. 1-21;
DB 2005 B64 Macura, Vladimir, "Problems and Paradoxes of the National Revival", in Teich‎, Mikullas (ed.), Bohemia in History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 182-197.
* Yekelchyk, Serhy, "The National Clothes: Constructing a Ukrainian High Culture in the Russian Empire, 1860 -1900", Jahrbucher fűr Geschichte Osteuropas, 2001, 49(2), pp. 230-239;
שיעור 9, 13.12.2018, האתגר של לאומנות והאימפריות הרב-לאומיות במזרח אירופה.

Lieven, Dominic, "Dilemmas of Empire 1850-1918. Power, Territory, Identity", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Apr. 1999), pp. 163-200.
DB 47 J83 2006 Judson, Pieter M., Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 1 -18.
* JC 359 I67 2004 Ther, Philipp, “Imperial Instead of National History: Positioning Modern German History on the Map of European Empires”, in Miller A. and Rieber A.J. (eds.), Imperial Rule, Budapest-New York: Central European University Press, 2004, pp. 47-66.

שיעור 10, 20.12.2015, מתנועה לאומית לבניית המדינה הלאומית במזרח אירופה של המאה ה-19.
קריאה:
Kiss, Endre, "A Typology of Nineteenth Century Concepts of Nationhood", East European Quarterly. March 1996, Vol. 30 Issue 1, p. 47 – 62.
DR 38.3 E85 E93 2008 Kiossev, Alexander, "Legacy or Legacies: Competitions and Conflicts", in Detrez, Raymond and Segaert, Barbara (eds.), Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans, Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2008, pp. 49-67;

שיעור 11, 27.12.2018, לאומנות, אנטישמיות וגיוס המוני: התנועה הלאומית בפולין בסוף מאה ה-19 – תחילת המאה ה-20.
קריאה:
HM 728 I57 1999‪ Walicki, Andrzej, "Intellectual Elites and the Vicissitudes of "Imagined Nation" in Poland", in Suny, Ronald Grigor, and Kennedy, Michael D. (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001, pp. 259 -287; or in East European Politics and Societies, 11, no. 3(1997), pp. 227-253;
DK 4349.3 P67 2000 Porter, Brian, When Nationalism Began to Hate. Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth – Century Poland, New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 160–182, 227-232;
* DJK 49 E19 Dmowski, Roman, "Thoughts of a Modern Pole", in Sugar, Peter F. (ed.),‎ Eastern European Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, Washington: The American University Press, 1995, pp. 243-249;

שיעור 12, 03.01.2019, "הסגנון הלאומי?" – גיוס לאומני של אומנות ואדריכלות במזרח אירופה.
קריאה:
Pantelić, Bratislav, "Nationalism and Architecture: The Creation of a National Style in Serbian Architecture and Its Political Implications", The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 16-41;
O'Connell, Lauren M., "A Rational, National Architecture: Viollet-le-Duc's Modest Proposal for Russia", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp.436-452.
*Everett, William A., "National Opera in Croatia and Finland, 1846 -1899", The Opera Quarterly, vol. 18, no.2, Spring 2002, pp. 183-200.

שיעור 13, 10.01.2019, לאומנות בלקנית במאה ה-19 הארוך: המצאה או מציאות?
קריאה:

Kemal H. Karpat, "The Balkan National States and Nationalism: Image and Reality",
Islamic Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2/3, (Summer/ Autumn 1997), pp. 329-359;
Siniša Malešević, "Did Wars Make Nation-States in the Balkans? Nationalisms, Wars and States in the 19th and early 20th Century South East Europe", Journal of Historical Sociology Vol. 25 No. 3 September 2012, pp. 299-330;
*Farrar, L. L.; "Aggression versus Apathy: the Limits of Nationalism during the
Balkans Wars, 1912-1913", East European Quarterly, 37, no. 3, 2003, pp. 257-280.
*DJK 3 D57 2006 Garašanin, Ilija, "The Draft", in Trencsényi, Balázs, and Kopeček, Michal (eds.), Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945):‎ Texts and Commentaries, vol. 2, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007, pp. 238 -243.

שיעור 14, 17.01.2019, מלחמת העולם הראשונה, התנועות הלאומית וגיבושה של
ה"אירופה החדשה" לאחר המלחמה.
קריאה:
DK 293 P67 Hagen von, Mark, “The Great War and the Mobilisation of Ethnicity in the Russian Empire”, in Rubin, Barnett R., and Snyder, Jack (eds.), Post-Soviet Political Order, Conflict and State Building, London – New York, 1998, pp. 34 – 57.
DS 135 P6 F7 Black, E.C., "Lucien Wolf and the Making of Poland: Paris, 1919", in Polonsky A. (ed.), From Shtetl to Socialism, London-Washington, 1993, pp. 264-295.

Additional Reading Material:

Course/Module evaluation:
End of year written/oral examination 0 %
Presentation 0 %
Participation in Tutorials 30 %
Project work 70 %
Assignments 0 %
Reports 0 %
Research project 0 %
Quizzes 0 %
Other 0 %

Additional information: